Right whale mothers ‘whisper’ to their calves to avoid attracting predators

Main photo:  Photo by Wildlife Trust, NOAA Permit #594-1759 CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

North Atlantic right whales tone down their underwater vocalisations and “whisper” to their young calves to avoid attracting predators, a new study by scientists at Syracuse University, Duke University and NOAA Fisheries’ Northeast Fisheries Center finds.

The whales, which are critically endangered, have few natural predators due to their size, but their calves are vulnerable to orcas and sharks when young.

The new mothers drastically reduce making their “up calls” that the species typically uses to communicate with other right whales. An up call produces a short, loud whoop sound that rises sharply, can travel long distances underwater, and lasts for up to two seconds.

Instead they communicate to their young through a very quiet, short, grunt-like sound that isn’t audible more than a short distance away.

These sounds, previously unknown to scientists, “can be thought of almost like a human whisper,” said Susan Parks, University Biology Professor at Syracuse, who led the study. “They allow the mother and calf to stay in touch with each other without advertising their presence to potential predators in the area.”

Image: NOAA/NMFS 

To collect the acoustic data, the researchers attached small, noninvasive recording tags via suction cups onto North Atlantic right whales in calving grounds off the coasts of Florida and Georgia. They attached tags to juvenile and pregnant whales found in the area and to mother-calf pairs.

“The mothers significantly reduced the number of higher-amplitude, long-distance communication signals they produced compared to the juvenile and pregnant whales,” Nowacek said. “They also produced these very quiet, whisper-like sounds. This suggests that right whale mother-calf pairs rely on acoustic crypsis — a type of behaviour meant to avoid detection — to reduce the risk of eavesdropping by orcas or sharks lurking in nearby murky waters.”

“Right whales face a number of challenges, including a very low number of calves born in recent years, combined with a number of deaths of reproductive females by collisions with large ships or entanglement in fishing gear,” Parks said. Scientists estimate that only about 420 North Atlantic right whales exist in the wild today, and there have been 30 confirmed deaths in the past three years, so any additional death is a blow to the species’ survival odds.

“There are still many things we don’t know about their behaviours, and it is my hope that studies like this will help to improve efforts for their conservation,” she said.

Further Reading

“Acoustic Crypsis in Communication by North Atlantic Right Whales Mother-Calf Pairs on the Calving Grounds,” by Susan Parks, Dana Cusano, Sofie Van Parijs and Douglas Nowacek. Biology Letters, Oct. 9, 2019, . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0485